Colorectal cancer screening

Introduction: Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. In many cases, diagnosis occurs at late stages, which negatively affects survival outcomes. Due to its slow progression through precancerous lesions, CRC is particularly amenable to early detection and effective prevention through screening.

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the role of key CRC screening methods in reducing incidence and mortality, compare their performance and acceptability, and identify factors that influence their implementation at the population level.

Materials and Methods: A review of literature from the last 10 years was conducted, drawing on data from high-impact scientific databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar. Screening methods were analyzed based on sensitivity, specificity, participation rates, and effectiveness in the context of public health.

Results: Colonoscopy was found to be the most effective method, with reductions of over 50% in incidence and over 60% in mortality, due to its ability to provide direct visualization and immediate therapeutic intervention. However, its low participation rate limits its impact at the population level. FIT performed better than gFOBT, showing good sensitivity, high participation, and a positive predictive value for advanced lesions. FIT-DNA showed higher sensitivity but lower specificity and higher cost. Sigmoidoscopy and CT colonography offered non-invasive alternatives with moderate impact on mortality reduction but lower utilization.

Conclusions: CRC screening remains one of the most powerful interventions for the control and prevention of this disease. Colonoscopy provides strong individual-level protection, whereas fecal tests are better suited for population-wide application.

Dr. Melisa Stublla, is a recent medical graduate from the University of Prishtina in Kosovo, with growing interest in oncology, gynecology, internal medicine, and public health. She is deeply engaged in research and values evidence-based practice, having collaborated with international teams across multiple disciplines. Under the mentorship of Professor Patricia Tai, a leading figure in global oncology, Melisa is further motivated to pursue clinical research and contribute to global health efforts. She is dedicated to improving patient outcomes through scientific inquiry, innovation, and human-centered care.