Early and accurate identification of malignancy is one of the most critical determinants of cancer outcomes. Cancer Detection and Diagnosis focuses on the methods, technologies, and clinical strategies used to identify cancer at its earliest and most treatable stages. This session explores how advancements in imaging, pathology, molecular diagnostics, and screening programs are reshaping cancer care by enabling timely intervention and improving survival rates across diverse populations.

Traditional diagnostic pathways rely on clinical evaluation, imaging studies, and histopathological confirmation. While these methods remain foundational, modern oncology increasingly integrates advanced diagnostic tools that enhance sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value. Screening strategies for high-risk populations, including population-based screening programs and risk-adapted surveillance, play a crucial role in detecting cancer before symptoms arise. Understanding the strengths and limitations of each diagnostic approach is essential for clinicians and researchers engaged in Cancer Detection and Diagnosis.

Imaging modalities such as mammography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and ultrasound continue to evolve with improved resolution and functional capabilities. These technologies assist not only in tumor detection but also in disease staging, treatment planning, and response monitoring. Alongside imaging, pathology remains the gold standard for diagnosis, with tissue biopsy providing definitive confirmation of malignancy. Advances in digital pathology and image-assisted diagnostics are improving diagnostic accuracy and workflow efficiency across cancer centers worldwide.

Molecular diagnostics have transformed cancer diagnosis by enabling the identification of genetic mutations, epigenetic changes, and biomarker expression profiles. Techniques such as liquid biopsy, next-generation sequencing, and proteomic analysis allow for minimally invasive detection and real-time disease monitoring. These tools are particularly valuable for detecting early-stage disease, identifying therapeutic targets, and tracking disease progression or recurrence. Discussions in this session align closely with priorities highlighted at major Cancer Conference forums, where early detection and precision diagnostics remain central themes.

Another critical aspect of cancer diagnosis is differential diagnosis, which involves distinguishing malignant conditions from benign or inflammatory processes. Misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis can significantly impact patient outcomes, underscoring the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration among oncologists, radiologists, pathologists, and laboratory scientists. This session also addresses diagnostic challenges in rare cancers, pediatric malignancies, and cancers with nonspecific early symptoms, where delays are more common.

Global disparities in access to diagnostic technologies present ongoing challenges in cancer detection. Limited infrastructure, workforce shortages, and economic barriers affect early diagnosis in low- and middle-income regions. Understanding these challenges and exploring scalable diagnostic solutions is essential for improving global cancer outcomes. By examining current practices, emerging innovations, and unmet needs, this session provides a comprehensive overview of oncology diagnostics and their role in modern cancer management.