Oncologic emergencies – a narrative review with expert opinions and latest recommendations

Introduction:

Oncologic emergencies are some of the most critical and time-sensitive situations clinicians can face in cancer care. These events, ranging from metabolic imbalances to spinal cord compression or life-threatening infections, can progress rapidly and require immediate intervention. As cancer survival improves, these emergencies are increasingly seen not only in hospital wards, but also in outpatient and emergency settings.

Materials and Methods:

This presentation draws on up-to-date literature from the past decade, including key clinical guidelines and large observational studies. We explore four main types of oncologic emergencies: metabolic (like hypercalcemia), neurologic (such as spinal cord compression), infectious (particularly febrile neutropenia), and vascular (notably superior vena cava syndrome). Two real-life cases are also included to show how these emergencies present in clinical practice and to explore the challenges and decision-making involved in their management.

Results:

Hypercalcemia of malignancy may be the first sign of advanced cancer and can quickly become life-threatening. Spinal cord compression, if not treated quickly, can leave patients with permanent disability. Febrile neutropenia continues to be a major cause of cancer-related mortality, especially when treatment is delayed. Each of these conditions has clear protocols, yet timely recognition remains a major challenge. The two cases discussed illustrate how early signs can be subtle and how a structured, team-based response can make all the difference in outcome.

Conclusion:

Oncologic emergencies require more than just knowledge, they demand vigilance, speed, and coordination. With the right approach, we can catch these events early and respond effectively. This talk will focus not only on clinical guidelines, but on real-world lessons and practical strategies to avoid common pitfalls and improve care for patients facing cancer-related emergencies.

Dr. Melinda Hysenaj is a practicing physician and academic based at the University of Pristina, Kosovo. Her work focuses on oncology, acute care, and medical education. With clinical experience spanning emergency departments and oncology units, she brings a patient-centered perspective to complex medical topics. Dr. Hysenaj is actively involved in research, teaching, and international collaboration, particularly in advancing cancer care in low- and middle-income countries. Her passion lies in bridging evidence and practice—especially when lives depend on rapid, informed decisions. Outside of medicine, she enjoys writing, mentoring young professionals, and participating in global health initiatives.